Ethical Decision Making in Organizations

Today ethical decision making has become a top priority for many companies after recent breacks of public trust.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO0gOyPVj6A

The decisions can be programmed  or non programmed

Programmed: A simple routine matter for wich a manager has an stablished decision rule.

Nonprogrammed Decision: A new, complex decision that requires a creative solution.

Models of Decision Making:

Effective Decision: A timely decision that meets a desiredabjective and is acceptable to those individuals affected by it.

Rational Model: Describes how individuals should behave in order to optimize some outcome.

Bounded Rationality Model: a theory that suggests that there are limits upon gow rationala decisionmaker can actually be.

Garbage Can Model: A theory that contend that decisions in organizationsare random and unsystematic.

http://hubpages.com/hub/When-Personal-Values-Conflict-With-Ethical-Decision-Making

Managing Risk Taking Behavior.

-Effective decision making under uncertainty.

-Allow employees to fail with out fear od punishment .

-Fear of taking risks stifles creativiti and innovation.

 Escalation of Commitment:

The tendency to continue to commit sources to a failing source of action.

Participative Decision Making:

Decision making in wich individuals are affected by decisions influencethe making of those decisions.

Groupthink:

A deterioration of mental efficiency reality testing and moral judment resulting from pressures within the group

Techniques for Group Decision Making:

Brainstorming.

Nominal group technique.

Delphi technique.

Devils advocacy.

Dialectical inquiry.

Ethics:

Behavioral nors and rules. do the rigth thing .

Ethical Theories.

Consequential Theory.

Rule-Base theory.

Character theory.

Ethical Behavior.

Acting in ways consistent in ones personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society.

Locus of Control.

Personality variable thats affects individual behavior.

Question:

How can organzations effectively manage both risk taking and scalation of commitment in the decision making behavior of employees?

Organizations can manage this risk decision making by fragmenting the decisions making in steps of aprovation inside a group, if the mayority agree the decision can be made, but always all the group is going to have the responsability.

References:

Mintzberg, H. & Westley, F.(2001, Spring).Decision making: It is not what you think. MIT sloan managment review.

D.L., Nelson, and Quick J.C.. "Organizational Behavior: Science.." The Real Worls and You. 7. (2010): 3-29.. Print.

Wong, K.F.E., & KWong J.Y.Y. (2007) .The role of anticipated regret in scalation of commitment. Journal of applied physcology,92,545-554.

Prersonality, Peception and Atributtion; Attitudes and Values.

Every person around the world has a individual difference from other we can define Individual Diferences as "The way in which factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individual to another.
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At the same time each person have a unique personality, the personality is a "set of chracteristics that influence an individual behavior  "

There are theories and definitions to study:

Trait Theory:

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Integrative Aproach:

Theory that describes personalityas a composite of an individual psycological processes.

General Self-Efficacy:  


And individuals general belif that he or sheis capableof meeting job demans in a wide variety of situations.


Self Steem :

An Individuals general feelingof self worth

Self Monitoring

The extent to wich people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.

Positive Affect: 

An individual’s tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the world in general. 

Negative Affect: 

An individual’s tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the world in general.


Social Perception:
 
The process of interpreting information about another person.

Atribbution Theory :

A theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behavior and that of others. 







Attitude.

A psycological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.


ABC Model of an Attitude.

Affect:phycological indicators verbal statements about feelings.
Behavioral Intentions: Observed behavior verval statements about intentions.
Cognition: Attitude scales verbal statements about beliefs.


Cognitive Disonance.







A state of tension that is produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior .






Values.

Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferableto an oppositeor converce mode of conduct or end state of existence.


Question:

To what do you atribbute the succes of JICA?


I atribute the succes of JICA to the big experience that they have based on their country, and their history, they are one of the biggest economies in the world, they are one of the most developed coutries in the world, so they have  lot of knowledge to teach, and all the world know this so the people will be pleased to recieve all those educational and developing knowledge to apply it in their communities. 


References:


Harrison, D.A.,Newman, D.a.,Roth,P.L.2006.How Importan are Job Attitudes?

D.L., Nelson, and Quick J.C.. "Organizational Behavior: Science.." The Real Worls and You. 7. (2010): 3-29.. Print.

The Corporation

The Corporation is a documentary about how the multinationals do anything necessary to have more and more profit, no matter what is or what will be the human and ecological cost.

In the documentary are interviewed important persons who defend the documentary and others defend the corporation activities saying that "wothout externalities no manufacturing industry is sunainable" , there are an important example about one person who is a CEO and he relized what they were doing, so he start a campaing to protect the earth and the enviroment. He is still the CEO of the company, and they are modifing the company to be sustainable in 2020.

The documentary shows many cases of unethical corporations, and his acts, and many of them proved by the press and by cientifical evidence, but in the most of the cases nothing happend to them also the documentary show an history that the reporters were theatened by a corporation.

 Question.

One of the criticism in the movie is "without externalities, no manufacturing industry is sustainable". Do you agree? What could be done in this phenomenon? 




I agree with the affirmation of the movie, why? because the human life style  is sustented with the mass manufacturing, everithing moves around corporations, and big companies, everyone want a piece of that cake, so if we want to stop damaging the human and the nature, all the world have to change their life style, and this would happen if we start now, and it will be a hard long road, because if we try to shift in one do tho an other the concecuences will be worst.

References 

The Corporation. Dir. Jennifer Abbott. Perf. Mikela J. Mikael, Rob Beckwermert, Christopher Gora. Zeitgeist Films, 2003. DVD.